The rudder

clāvus, i, m. [root klu-, v. claudo; prop. that which shuts or fastens].

A nail, usually of metal.

Lit.:

offerumentas habebis pluris Quam ulla navis longa clavos,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 48:

(leges) ad parietem fixae clavis ferreis,

id. Trin. 4, 3, 32; so,

clavi ferrei,

Cato, R. R. 18 fin.; Caes. B. G. 3, 13; Vitr. 7, 3 al.—Sometimes of hard wood:

clavis corneis occludere,

Cato, R. R. 18 fin.:

cornus... lignum utile, si quid cuneandum sit in ligno clavisve figendum ceu ferreis,

Plin. 16, 40, 76, § 206:

clavis religare tigna,

Caes. B. C. 2, 10:

clavos per modica intervalla figentes,

Liv. 28, 20, 4.—

Acc. to a Tuscan usage the ancient Romans designated the number of the year by nails, which the highest magistrate annually, at the Ides of September, drove into the wall of Jupiter's temple: clavo ab dictatore fixo,

Liv. 7, 3, 3 sqq.; 8, 18, 12 sq.; 9, 28, 6: clavus annalis, Paul. ex Fest. p. 56, 10 Müll.; cf.

O. Müll. Etrusk. 2, p. 329 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 263. Also, in a later age, country people seem to have kept an account of the years in this way,

Petr. 135, 8, 9.—Prov.: clavo clavum eicere, to drive out one nail by another (Gr. hêlôi ton hêlon, pattalôi ton pattalon, sc. dei exelaunein):

novo quidam amore veterem amorem tamquam clavo clavum eiciendum putant,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 35, 75: aliquid trabali clavo figere, to fasten with a large nail, to clinch a matter, id. Verr. 2, 5, 21, § 53; Arn. 2, p. 51.—

As a symbol of immovable firmness:

Necessitas Clavos trabales Gestans,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 18:

si figit adamantinos Necessitas Clavos,

id. ib. 3, 24, 7; cf. O. Müll. as above cit., p. 331.—Hence,

Trop.:

ex hoc die clavum anni movebis,

i. e. reckon the beginning of the year, Cic. Att. 5, 15, 1:

fixus animus clavo Cupidinis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 4.—Prov.:

beneficium trabali clavo figere (v. trabalis),

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 21, § 53 Zumpt; cf. Arn. 2, p. 51.—

Meton. of objects of like form.

( Lit. the handle of the rudder, the tiller; hence, pars pro toto.) The rudder, helm, in gen. (only sing.): ut clavum rectum teneam, Enn. ap. Isid. Orig. 19, 2, 12 (Ann. v. 472 Vahl.):

clavum ad litora torquere,

Verg. A. 5, 177 Serv.; 10, 218.—

Trop.:

clavum tanti imperii tenere et gubernacula rei publicae tractare,

Cic. Sest. 9, 20:

abicere,

to leave off the care of a thing, Arn. 3, 106: dum clavum rectum teneam, if I keep a steady helm, am not negligent (as in Gr. orthan tan naun), Quint. 2, 17, 24 Spald.; cf. the passage of Enn. supra. —

In medic. lang., a painful tumor or excrescence, a wart, a corn; on the feet, Cels. 5, 28, 14. clavis in pedibus mederi, Plin. 20, 17, 71, § 184; 22, 23, 49, § 101 sq.; 26, 11, 66, § 106; 28, 16, 62, § 222;

on the eye,

Cels. 6, 7, 12;

in the nose,

Plin. 24, 14, 77, § 126;

upon the neck of cattle,

Col. 6, 14, 6;

in sheep,

id. 7, 5, 11.—Also a disease of the olive-tree, Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 223.—

A kind of abortion of bees, Plin. 11, 16, 16, § 50.—

A purple stripe on the tunica, which, for senators, was broad (latus, cf. laticlavius); for the equites, narrow (angustus; cf.

angusticlavius). In the time of the emperors, however, the sons of the senators and equites also, who were preparing for civil office, wore the latus clavus,

Liv. 9, 7, 9; Varr. L. L. 9, § 79 Müll.; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 29 Jahn; cf. Hor. S. 1, 5, 36; 1, 6, 28; Quint. 11, 3, 138; Vell. 2, 88, 2; Suet. Aug. 94: tunicam ita consuere, ut altera plagula sit angustis clavis, altera latis, Varr L. L. 9, § 47 Müll.—Hence the phrase: latum clavum ab Caesare impetravi, i. e. I have become senator, Plin. Ep. 2, 9, 2; cf.:

clavum alicui tribuere,

Suet. Claud. 24:

impetrare,

id. Vesp. 4:

adimere,

id. Tib. 35:

adipisci,

id. Vesp. 2.—Rarely a purple stripe on bed or table cloths, Amm. 16, 8, 8.—

Poet., a tunic, in gen., either wide or narrow striped:

mutare in horas,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 10:

sumere depositum,

id. ib. 1, 6, 25.

ansa, ae, f. [cf. chandanô, and pre-hendo, pre-hensum, and labê from labein], that by which something is taken hold of, a handle, haft; of a vessel, pitcher, vase, and the like.

Lit., Cato, R. R. 113; Verg. E. 3, 45; 6, 17; Ov. M. 8, 653; id. H. 16, 252; Mart. 14, 106 al.—Of other things, e. g. of an iron handle of a door:

ansa ostii,

Petr. 96.—Of the loop on the edge of a sandal, through which the shoetie was drawn, Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 12; so Tib. 1, 8, 14.—Of the handle of the rudder, the tiller, Vitr. 10, 8.—Of the cheeks of a balance in which the lever moves, Vitr. 10, 8.— In architecture, the cramp-iron or brace which holds several stones together, Vitr. 2, 8; Prop. 5, 1, 142.—

Trop., as also the Gr. labê, handle, occasion, opportunity (rare, and in the class. per. only in Cic.):

illum quaerere ansam, infectum ut faciat?

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 119:

reprehensionis ansa,

Cic. Planc. 34:

controversiarum,

id. Caecin. 6 fin.:

ansas sermonis dare,

id. Sest. 10:

sibi tamquam ansas ad reprehendendum dare,

id. Am. 16, 59:

alicui lucrandi ansam offerre,

Amm. 28, 1.

admĭnĭcŭlum, i, n. [ad-manus], prop., that on which the hand may rest, then in gen., a prop, stay, support.

Lit.

Orig. in the language of vine-dressers, the stake or pole to which the vine clings, and by which it is supported:

vites claviculis adminicula, tamquam manibus apprehendunt, atque ita se erigunt, ut animantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47:

adminiculorum ordines, capitum jugatio,

id. Sen. 15; so Plin. 17, 24, 36, § 215; cf. Drak. Liv. 6, 1, 4.— Hence,

In gen., of any prop, stay, or support, assistance: adminicula hominum, i. e. oxen, implements of agriculture, etc., Varr. R. R. 1, 17; Liv. 21, 36:

motam (Junonem) sede sua parvi molimenti adminiculis,

id. 5, 22:

adminicula gubernandi addidit Tiphys,

means of steering, the rudder, Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 209; cf. id. 11, 37, 61, § 162. —

Trop., support, aid, auxiliary, assistant (class.):

ad legionem cum itant, adminiculum eis danunt aliquem cognatum,

an assistant, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 48:

hanc igitur partem relictam explebimus, nullis adminiculis, sed, ut dicitur, Marte nostro,

Cic. Off. 3, 7:

natura solitarium nihil amat, semperque ad aliquod tamquam adminiculum adnititur,

id. Lael. 23 fin.:

quo primo adminiculo erecta erat (urbs), eodem innisa M. Furio principe stetit,

Liv. 6, 1:

id senectuti suae adminiculum fore,

id. 10, 22:

egere adminiculis, ut in commune consulat,

Tac. A. 12, 5; so,

in militia aut via fessus adminiculum oro,

id. ib. 14, 54:

nullius externi indigens adminiculi,

Amm. 24, 8; 21, 12; 14, 6:

Quibus debetis esse adminiculo,

Vulg. Esth. 16, 20.

* * *

arma, ōrum, n. ( gen. plur. armūm, Pac. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155; Att. ap. Non. p. 495, 23, considered by Cic. in the connection armūm judicium as less correct than armorum) [cf. ARÔ, arariskô = to fit; arthron = joint; harmos = armus = joint, shoulder; artaô = artio, arto = to fit, to fit in closely; artios = fit, exact; artus = close, narrow; ars (artis) = the craft of fitting things; artifex, artificium; Goth. arms = O. H. Germ. aram = Engl. arm; Sanscr. ar = to hit upon, attain; aram = fit, fast; īrmas = arm. Curt.].

Lit.

1.. What is fitted to the body for its protection, defensive armor, as the shield, coat of mail, helmet, etc.:

tot milia armorum, detracta corporibus hostium,

Liv. 45, 39:

induere arma,

id. 30, 31:

arma his imperata, galea, clipeum, ocreae, lorica, omnia ex aere,

id. 1, 43:

pictis et auro caelatis refulgens armis,

id. 7, 10. —

Specifically, a shield:

at Lausum socii exanimem super arma ferebant,

on a shield, Verg. A. 10, 841:

caelestia arma, quae ancilia appellantur,

Liv. 1, 20 (v. ancile); id. 8, 30; 1, 37; cf. Verg. A. 1, 119 Heyne; Tac. G. 11 Rup.; Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 43:

Aeneas se collegit in arma,

gathered himself under his shield, Verg. A. 12, 491.—Hence, in a more extended sense,

Implements of war, arms, both of defence and offence (but of the latter only those which are used in close contest, such as the sword, axe, club; in distinction from tela, which are used in contest at a distance; hence, arma and tela are often contrasted; v. the foll., and cf. Bremi and Dähne ad Nep. Dat. 11, 3): arma rigent, horrescunt tela, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4; id. ap. Non. p. 469, 26:

arma alia ad tegendum, alia ad nocendum,

Cic. Caec. 21:

armis condicione positis aut defetigatione abjectis aut victoriā detractis,

id. Fam. 6, 2:

illum dicis cum armis aureis, Quoius etc.,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 16:

ibi Simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60:

arma antiqua manus, ungues dentesque fuerunt Et lapides, et item, silvarum fragmina, ramei,

Lucr. 5, 1283; so,

Mutum et turpe pecus (i. e. primeval man), glandem et cubilia propter Unguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porro Pugnabant armis, quae post fabricaverat usus,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 100 sqq.:

capere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Phil. 4, 3, 7; id. Rab. Perd. 6 and 7:

sumere,

id. Planc. 36, 88 Wund.; id. Tusc. 2, 24, 58; Vulg. Gen. 27, 3; ib. 3 Reg. 22, 30:

accipere, ib. Judith, 14, 2: adprehendere,

ib. Psa. 34, 2:

resumere,

Suet. Calig. 48:

aptare,

Liv. 5, 49:

induere,

id. 30, 31; Ov. M. 14, 798; id. F. 1, 521; Verg. A. 11, 83; Luc. 1, 126:

accingi armis,

Verg. A. 6, 184, and Vulg. Jud. 18, 11:

armis instructus,

ib. Deut. 1, 41; ib. 1 Par. 12, 13:

concitare ad arma,

Caes. B. G. 7, 42:

descendere ad arma,

id. ib. 7, 33:

vocare ad arma,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:

vocare in arma,

Verg. A. 9, 22:

ferre contra aliquem,

Vell. 2, 56:

decernere armis,

Cic. Att. 7, 3:

armis cum hoste certare,

id. Off. 3, 22, 87; so,

saevis armis,

Verg. A. 12, 890:

dimicare armis cum aliquo,

Nep. Milt. 1, 2:

esse in armis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 49; Suet. Caes. 69:

ponere, abicere,

Cic. Fam. 6, 2:

relinquere,

Liv. 2, 10:

tradere,

Nep. Ham. 1, 5; Suet. Vit. 10:

amittere,

Verg. A. 1, 474:

proicere,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 5, 43;

7, 44: deripere militibus,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 19:

dirimere,

Luc. 1, 104 et saep.—Hence, arma virosque, per arma, per viros, etc., Liv. 8, 25; 8, 30 al.; v. Burm. ad Verg. A. 1, 1, and cf. Liv. 9, 24:

tela et arma: armorum atque telorum portationes,

Sall. C. 42, 2; Liv. 1, 25; Col. 12, 3; Tac. G. 29 and 33:

armis et castris, prov. (like remis velisque, viris equisque),

with vigor, with might and main, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 84.—

Trop., means of protection, defence, weapons:

tenere semper arma (sc. eloquentiae), quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis, vel, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 8, 32:

prudentiae,

id. ib. 1, 38, 172:

senectutis,

id. Lael. 4. 9:

tectus Vulcaniis armis, id est fortitudine,

id. Tusc. 2, 14, 33:

eloquentiae,

Quint. 5, 12, 21:

facundiae,

id. 2, 16, 10:

justitiae,

Vulg. Rom. 6, 13; ib. 2 Cor. 6, 7:

arma lucis,

ib. Rom. 13, 12:

horriferum contra Borean ovis arma ministret, i. e. lanas,

Ov. M. 15, 471:

haec mihi Stertinius arma (i. e. praecepta) dedit,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 297; cf. id. Ep. 1, 16, 67:

arma militiae nostrae non carnalia sunt,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 10, 4.

War (once in opp. to pax, v. infra):

silent leges inter arma,

Cic. Mil. 4, 10; id. Att. 7, 3, 5:

arma civilia,

civil war, id. Fam. 2, 16, and Tac. A. 1, 9:

civilia arma,

id. Agr. 16; id. G. 37 (otherwise, bella civilia, Cic. Off. 1, 25, 86, and Tac. Agr. 13):

ab externis armis otium erat,

Liv. 3, 14; 9, 1; 3, 69 Drak.; 9, 32; 42, 2; Tac. H. 2, 1 al.:

a Rubro Mari arma conatus sit inferre Italiae,

Nep. Hann. 2, 1 (for which more freq. bellum inferre alicui, v. infero):

ad horrida promptior arma,

Ov. M. 1, 126:

qui fera nuntiet arma,

id. ib. 5, 4;

14, 479: compositis venerantur armis,

Hor. C. 4, 14, 52. So the beginning of the Æneid: Arma virumque cano; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 7:

melius visum Gallos novam gentem pace potius cognosci quam armis,

Liv. 5, 35 fin.; cf.:

cedant arma togae,

Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76.—Also for battle, contest:

in arma feror,

Verg. A. 2, 337; so id. ib. 2, 655.—

(Abstr. for concr.) The warriors themselves, soldiers, troops:

nulla usquam apparuerunt arma,

Liv. 41, 12:

nostro supplicio liberemus Romana arma, i. e. Romanum exercitum,

id. 9, 9; 21, 26:

Hispanias armis non ita redundare,

Tac. H. 2, 32:

expertem frustra belli et neutra arma secutum,

neither party, Ov. M. 5, 91: auxiliaria arma, auxiliaries, auxiliary troops = auxiliares (v. auxiliaris, I.), id. ib. 6, 424; cf. id. ib. 14, 528.—

Transf., poet. (like hoplon and entea in Gr.), implements, instruments, tools, utensils, in gen. Of implements for grinding and baking:

Cerealia arma,

the arms of Ceres, Verg. A. 1, 177 (cf. Hom. Od. 7, 232: entea daitos). —Of implements of agriculture, Ov. M. 11, 35:

dicendum est, quae sint duris agrestibus arma, Quīs sine nec potuere seri nec surgere messes,

Verg. G. 1, 160.—Of the equipments, tackle of a ship ( mast, sails, rudder, etc.):

colligere arma jubet validisque incumbere remis,

Verg. A. 5, 15; 6, 353.—Hence used by Ovid for wings:

haec umeris arma parata suis, A. A. 2, 50 (cf. in the foll. verse: his patria est adeunda carinis).—And so of other instruments,

Mart. 14, 36.

* * *

mŏdĕrāmen, ĭnis, n. [id.], a means of managing or governing, e. g. a rudder, helm ( poet. and in post-class. prose).

Lit.

Innixus moderamine navis, Ov. M. 15, 726; so in plur., id. ib. 3, 644.—

Management, direction, control:

equorum,

Ov. M. 2, 48.—

Trop.: rerum, the helm, i. e. the management of affairs, the government of the state, Ov. M. 6, 677; also, a means of moderating, mitigating, controlling: verum serenitas nostra certum moderamen invenit, Cod. Th. 11, 30, 64.

rĕgĭmen, ĭnis, n. [rego], a guiding, guidance, direction (freq. only after the Aug. per., esp. in. Tac.; not in Cic. or Cæs.).

Lit.:

regimen equorum exercere,

Tac. A. 13, 3 fin.:

classis,

Vell. 2, 85, 2; cf.:

procellis regimen impedire,

Tac. A. 2, 23:

equarum,

id. ib. 13, 3:

vocis sermonisque regimen primores (dentes) tenet,

Plin. 7, 16, 15, § 70.—

Poet., concr., a rudder:

frangitur et regimen,

Ov. M. 11, 552:

regimen carinae Flectere,

id. ib. 3, 593: cum magnus inhorruit Auster... Non regimen prodest, Petr. poët. 123, 235. —

Trop., a guiding, governing, directing; rule, guidance, government, command.

In gen.: in quo (sc. animo) consilium vitae regimenque locatum est, * Lucr. 3, 95:

regimen totius magistratūs penes Appium erat,

Liv. 3, 33:

rerum,

id. 6, 6:

summae rei penes Germanicum,

Tac. A. 1, 31:

regimen tenere,

id. ib. 13, 49:

cohortium,

id. ib. 12, 42:

morum legumque,

Suet. Aug. 27 fin.:

virtutis vestrae,

Tac. H. 1, 84: in omnia [p. 1550] regimen, id. A. 3, 47.—

In partic., the direction of State affairs, rule, government, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 278 (Ann. v. 400 Vahl.);

id. ap. Censor. Fragm. c. 14 (Trag. v. 381 ib.): regimen suscipere,

Tac. A. 4, 9:

regimen manu tractare cruentum,

Stat. Th. 11, 658.—

Concr., a ruler, director, governor:

regimen rerum,

i. e. of the State, Liv. 4, 31, 5:

rerum humanarum,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 9.

plēctrum, i, n., = plêktron (an instrument to strike with; esp.),

A little stick with which the player struck the chords of a stringed instrument, a quill, plectrum:

itaque plectri similem linguam nostri solent dicere, chordarum dentis, naris cornibus illis qui resonant, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149; Ov. M. 11, 168:

plectra movere,

id. H. 3, 113.—

Poet., transf., a lyre or lute; also a lyric poem, lyric poetry:

plectro modulatus eburno,

Tib. 3, 4, 39:

et te sonantem plenius aureo, Alcaee, plectro,

Hor. C. 2, 13, 26; 2, 1, 40; 1, 26, 11.—

A helm, rudder ( poet.):

non plectro ratis Parcitur,

Sil. 14, 549; 403.

* * *

gŭbernācŭlum ( poet. contr. gŭ-bernāclum, Lucr. 4, 904; Verg. A. 5, 176; 859; 6, 349 al.), i, n. [guberno], a helm, rudder (cf. clavus).

Lit.:

hominis, non sapientis inventa sunt navigia, additis a tergo gubernaculis, quae huc atque illuc cursum navigii torqueant: exemplum a piscibus tractum, qui cauda reguntur, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 90; cf.:

piscium meatus gubernaculi modo regunt (caudae),

Plin. 11, 50, 111, § 264:

ut cruribus velut gubernaculis demissis cursum dirigeret,

Front. 3, 13, 6:

hic ille naufragus ad gubernaculum accessit, et navi, quoad potuit, est opitulatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister,

Verg. A. 5, 176.—

Transf., guidance, direction; esp. of the state, government (usually in plur.):

clavum tanti imperii tenere et gubernacula rei publicae tractare,

Cic. Sest. 9, 20; cf.:

qui ad gubernacula rei publicae sedere debebant,

id. Rosc. Am. 18, 51:

repelli a gubernaculis civitatum,

id. de Or. 1, 11, 46:

recedere a gubernaculis,

id. Fam. 16, 27, 1:

ad gubernacula rei publicae accedere,

Liv. 4, 3, 17: quis ad gubernacula sedeat summa cura [p. 831] providendum, id. 24, 8, 13:

abicere gubernacula imperii,

Val. Max. 7, 6, 1:

transferre ad aliquem fortunarum suarum gubernacula,

Nazar. Pan. Const. 27, 2:

temperare gubernacula vitae,

Plin. 11, 37, 88, § 219.—In sing.:

(rare) exercitus non habilis gubernaculo,

Vell. 2, 113, 2:

gubernaculum rei publicae tenere,

Lact. 1, 1, 14.

gŭbernācŭlum ( poet. contr. gŭ-bernāclum, Lucr. 4, 904; Verg. A. 5, 176; 859; 6, 349 al.), i, n. [guberno], a helm, rudder (cf. clavus).

Lit.:

hominis, non sapientis inventa sunt navigia, additis a tergo gubernaculis, quae huc atque illuc cursum navigii torqueant: exemplum a piscibus tractum, qui cauda reguntur, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 90; cf.:

piscium meatus gubernaculi modo regunt (caudae),

Plin. 11, 50, 111, § 264:

ut cruribus velut gubernaculis demissis cursum dirigeret,

Front. 3, 13, 6:

hic ille naufragus ad gubernaculum accessit, et navi, quoad potuit, est opitulatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister,

Verg. A. 5, 176.—

Transf., guidance, direction; esp. of the state, government (usually in plur.):

clavum tanti imperii tenere et gubernacula rei publicae tractare,

Cic. Sest. 9, 20; cf.:

qui ad gubernacula rei publicae sedere debebant,

id. Rosc. Am. 18, 51:

repelli a gubernaculis civitatum,

id. de Or. 1, 11, 46:

recedere a gubernaculis,

id. Fam. 16, 27, 1:

ad gubernacula rei publicae accedere,

Liv. 4, 3, 17: quis ad gubernacula sedeat summa cura [p. 831] providendum, id. 24, 8, 13:

abicere gubernacula imperii,

Val. Max. 7, 6, 1:

transferre ad aliquem fortunarum suarum gubernacula,

Nazar. Pan. Const. 27, 2:

temperare gubernacula vitae,

Plin. 11, 37, 88, § 219.—In sing.:

(rare) exercitus non habilis gubernaculo,

Vell. 2, 113, 2:

gubernaculum rei publicae tenere,

Lact. 1, 1, 14.